Showing posts with label future. Show all posts
Showing posts with label future. Show all posts

Sunday, September 2, 2012

SOCIEDAD - Cuerpo, cerebro, máquina, conexión - ESPAÑA

Cuerpo, cerebro, máquina, conexión

Convertir un pensamiento en acción ya es posible. Esta especie de ‘telequinesia’ ha dejado de ser ciencia ficción. Grupos de investigadores están desarrollando interfaces cerebro-máquina que permiten a gente con distintos grados de inmovilidad accionar mecanismos con solo la fuerza mental. Se abre un futuro de mil posibilidades.

 
Cathy Hutchinson logró en mayo mover un robot con la mente. / AP
 

A los 42 años, la vida de Cathy Hutchinson, una madre ­soltera de Attleboro (Massa­chusetts, EE UU), cambió en un simple parpadeo. Un ictus cerebral le dejó tetrapléjica y sin habla. Durante los 11 años siguientes, Cathy tuvo que vivir en una residencia especializada, que definió como una “suerte de prisión por un crimen que no había cometido”. Quienes la conocen la describen como una mujer luchadora. En 2007 puso una demanda judicial en nombre de miles de discapacitados cerebrales para que el Estado de Massachusetts facilitara su integración en la comunidad, costeando la construcción de hogares especializados. Y ganó. Pero quizá su mayor desafío ha sido, tras 15 años sin hablar ni poder moverse, controlar un brazo robot con su voluntad.

Cathy tiene los dedos encogidos, frente a un vaso metálico que contiene su café de todas las mañanas. El simple acto de cogerlo representaría para ella el sueño de toda una vida. Es como si el vaso estuviera en la cima del monte Everest. De la cabeza de la mujer surge un cable que le conecta a un ordenador, que a su vez está unido a un brazo robótico de metal azul con los dedos metálicos articulados. ­Cathy imagina en su mente que el brazo la obedece, y en un ejercicio lento y suave la cosa desciende, gira y la mano agarra con firmeza el recipiente. Cathy se acerca el vaso, del que sale una paja, y sorbe el líquido. Ha escalado el Everest con éxito. “Beber ese café fue lo primero que logró hacer por sí sola en 15 años sin tener que depender de otras personas”, explica el profesor John Donoghue a El País ­Semanal. “Ella se quedó impactada, y para todos nosotros fue una especie de shock emocional comprobar cómo Cathy lograba de nuevo interactuar con el mundo”.

Donoghue es un neurocientífico de la Universidad de Brown en Rhode Island (EE UU), cuyo laboratorio explora la manera de conectar el cerebro humano a una máquina. Es la única esperanza que queda a personas como Cathy. El bloqueo de un vaso dejó sin riego su tallo cerebral, la parte del sistema nervioso que conecta el cerebro con el resto del cuerpo. Y ella quedó aprisionada en él. Ahora esa conexión se ha restablecido gracias a un minúsculo sensor, que tiene el tamaño de un caramelo M&M, implantado en una zona específica de la superficie de su corteza cerebral, debajo del cráneo. El sensor lleva unos diminutos electrodos que se hincan apenas un milímetro, y que recogen los susurros de un grupo de neuronas que planifican y ejecutan los movimientos de los brazos. Observando cómo los investigadores movían el brazo robótico, Cathy imaginó que lo controlaba. Los electrodos recogieron las señales y las enviaron por cable a un ordenador. Un programa las descodificó y tradujo en instrucciones que la mano robótica podía entender. De esta forma, enchufada a un cable y a través de una máquina, la mujer aprendió a controlar el brazo y la mano artificiales con solo pensarlo. Ella lleva un enchufe en la cabeza. En cada sesión, que tiene lugar en el laboratorio de Donoghue, tiene que enchufarse, literalmente, a la electrónica.

Pueden tardar meses
en aprender a coger
una bola, pero hay un futuro prometedor

El otro participante es un hombre que quedó parapléjico tres años atrás, y que probó el mismo sistema. Con su cabeza unida a un ordenador por un cable, aprendió primero a mover un cursor en la pantalla con el pensamiento. Posteriormente logró controlar una mano mecánica cuya misión consistía en agarrar unas bolas unidas a unos bastones que se elevaban y contraían ­sobre una mesa. El hombre lo logró cinco meses después de la operación qui­rúrgica.

La investigación de Donoghue, publicada recientemente en la revista Nature, abre la puerta al poder del pensamiento humano sobre los objetos. Hace solo unos años, el equipo de Miguel Nicolelis, de la Universidad de Durham en Carolina del Norte (EE UU), rompió moldes con un experimento que podría calificarse como el de las ratas sedientas. Nicolelis entrenó a los animales para que usaran su poder mental y manejasen un brazo mecánico que les daba de beber. Al principio, tenían que apretar con sus garras una palanca. Un brazo robótico les acercaba una pajita por la que podían sorber el líquido de un recipiente. Los investigadores implantaron posteriormente un dispositivo en sus cerebros que recogía las señales de las neuronas y las transmitían a un ordenador mediante un cable. Los animales aprendieron así a pensar que empujaban la palanca sin tener que hacerlo. El brazo robot descendía y les daba de beber.

Los dispositivos de interfaz cerebro-máquina ya están funcionando en voluntarios que sufrieron una lesión medular. Muestran un camino hacia la recuperación de la libertad que perdieron. Una vía abierta a la esperanza para mucha gente. (En España hay unos 20.000 lesionados; en EE UU, unos 300.000). La tecnología todavía no ha salido del laboratorio; el paciente tiene que enchufarse al sistema y seguir un entrenamiento, y la destreza lograda con el brazo robot es limitada, por no decir rudimentaria. Se puede tardar semanas o meses en agarrar una bola en el espacio, o en acercar un recipiente para beber. Pero una vez que se aprende, realizar la acción es casi inmediato. Es un camino aún largo. Pero posible.

El caso de Cathy es único. Ella lleva el electrodo implantado desde hace cinco años, todo un récord. Los científicos han observado que los dispositivos se estropean a los pocos meses o años, ya que el cerebro termina por rechazarlos. Do­noghue señala que no se pueden sacar conclusiones a partir de un solo enfermo. Es cauteloso a pesar de la resonancia de los resultados de su equipo, que ocupó la primera página de periódicos de todo el mundo el pasado mayo. El éxito de Cathy –que seguramente tiene mucho que ver con su voluntad férrea para superar lo insuperable– les ha animado a seguir avanzando. El cerebro humano no deja de intrigarle. “Estoy muy sorprendido. El trabajo realizado en mi laboratorio, sobre todo en ratas y monos, sugiere que cuando ocurre una lesión nerviosa, el cerebro se reorganiza de una forma muy rápida. Pero en casos así, donde la desconexión del cerebro del cuerpo es completa, lo que hemos visto es que esta parte del cerebro sigue funcionando, como si siguiera controlando el brazo. Hemos investigado lo que sucede en siete pacientes. Dos de ellos tenían una lesión medular, otros tres padecían esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) y otros dos habían sufrido un infarto cerebral. Y en cada uno de ellos lo que hemos encontrado es que cuando piensan que están moviendo un brazo, su cerebro se enciende, y en concreto, la misma parte que controla el movimiento del brazo”.

El cerebro es capaz
de asignar nuevos circuitos para mover
un brazo robótico

El cerebro distribuye sus órdenes y crea mapas. Si usted levanta su mano izquierda y la coloca encima de su cabeza, extendiendo los dedos sobre la parte derecha, estará cubriendo la zona de su corteza cerebral que se encarga casi exclusivamente de ejecutar el movimiento, nos dice este experto. Pero otras zonas se encargan antes de planificarlo. Desde hace tiempo, los investigadores saben que la corteza cerebral es parecida a un mapa geográfico. En vez de dibujar las fronteras de los países, el mapa cerebral asigna zonas específicas para el control de partes del cuerpo. La boca, el pene, los labios, las manos, las cejas, la lengua… Todo está representado en esta geografía neuronal. Las experiencias previas con estos pacientes con los electrodos implantados y a los que se les pide que muevan con la mente el cursor en una pantalla de ordenador sugieren que, en todos ellos, el punto donde se insertan los diminutos electrodos parece ser el mismo: se ilumina cuando ellos imaginan que pueden mover sus brazos paralizados. Si esto se generalizase, significaría que los cerebros de muchos parapléjicos son mucho más plásticos de lo que se pensaba. Construyen y envían las órdenes para ejecutar movimientos pese a que fueron desconectados de sus cuerpos hace años.

El espíritu de este tipo de investigaciones tiene un mantra: convertir el pensamiento en acción, nos explica José Carmena, un neurocientífico español que tiene su laboratorio en la Universidad de California en Berkeley. El sueño se está convirtiendo en realidad, si bien los primeros dispositivos cerebro-máquina son limitados. Habrá que esperar a las siguientes generaciones hasta que algún día colmen el vacío de las vidas de aquellos que perdieron la libertad de moverse por sí mismos. Carmena es optimista al respecto. “Piense en los primeros marcapasos. Eran enormes y salían cables de ellos. Ahora son pequeños y se implantan sin problemas en cualquier hospital”.

Uno de los hallazgos más sobresalientes que se desprenden de la investigación de este español radica en la plasticidad del cerebro para formar nuevos mapas. Cuando de niños aprendimos a mantener el equilibrio y pedalear en una bicicleta, nuestro cerebro lo memorizó. Por ello nos familiarizamos con la bicicleta aunque hayan transcurrido muchos años desde la última vez. Carmena cree que, de la misma manera que aprendemos a manejar una raqueta de tenis, o a no caernos con los esquíes, el cerebro es capaz de asignar nuevos circuitos neuronales para controlar un brazo robótico o una prótesis, que no tienen que ser los mismos circuitos que manejan los brazos y las piernas. El cerebro podría incorporar a sus mapas cerebrales la representación y el manejo de un artefacto robótico y reconocerlo como si formara parte de tu cuerpo. Sería la extensión perfecta de la voluntad humana plasmada en el control exquisito de la máquina. De momento, en sus experimentos con macacos, los animales tienen implantados microelectrodos en sus cortezas cerebrales motoras. Aprenden a mover un cursor con el pensamiento, desplazándolo por la pantalla de un ordenador hasta un punto, tras lo cual reciben un zumo como recompensa. Los animales lo lograron en una semana. Sus cerebros desarrollaron un nuevo mapa para controlar una parte artificial que no formaba parte de su cuerpo.

Carmena trabajó como investigador posdoctoral en el laboratorio de Miguel Nicolelis, un científico brasileño pionero que quiere sorprender al mundo en la inauguración del próximo Mundial de fútbol, que se celebrará en su país en 2014. Nicolelis está trabajando en la construcción de un exoesqueleto que obedezca las órdenes mentales de un tetrapléjico, y que le permita caminar por un campo de fútbol para inaugurar los mundiales. Con una diferencia sustancial: el cerebro también tiene que recibir impresiones y sentir el exoesqueleto como si fuera una parte más de su cuerpo. De momento, este investigador ha demostrado que es factible enviar información sensible al cerebro de un macaco, mediante filamentos que son más finos que un cabello. El animal puede decidir, entre tres círculos que tienen un aspecto idéntico, si uno de ellos tiene una textura más rugosa o más lisa. Pero no son sus dedos quienes le informan, sino las sensaciones traídas por esos finísimos electrodos.

El brazo de Luke, en referencia a la mano artificial que Luke Skywalker se coloca en el filme El imperio contraataca, existe. Se trata de una prótesis desarrollada por el investigador Dean Kamen y probada por Chuk Hildreth, que, 30 años atrás, perdió los dos brazos al electrocutarse mientras pintaba una subestación eléctrica. Hildreth ha probado el brazo de Luke y es capaz de sentirlo. Se ha convertido en un hombre biónico.

No es exactamente telepatía, pero piensas en algo y ese algo ocurre

El control de un brazo humano depende de unas 70.000 fibras que parten de la zona superior de la médula espinal. Esas fibras nerviosas discurren por los hombros hasta el axila, y de allí saltan al brazo. En el caso de Hildreth, un neurocirujano reconectó sus fibras a los músculos pectorales e implantó en ellos una serie de electrodos. Cuando Hildreth piensa en mover el brazo de metal, los músculos de su pecho se contraen. Los electrodos registran la señal y la envían a los motores de la prótesis. Hildreth también tiene bajo la piel un motor del tamaño de una chocolatina capaz de vibrar. El motor está conectado mediante un microprocesador a un sensor en la palma de su mano artificial. Cuando Hildreth coge un vaso de papel con delicadeza para no estrujarlo, el sensor vibra ligeramente, y la sensación que le llega a su brazo amputado es de ligereza. Si tiene que sostener un pesado taladro, la vibración es mucho mayor, por lo que Hildreth agarra el taladro con más fuerza para que no se le caiga. Este antiguo pintor controla los mandos del brazo de Luke con una serie de mandos tipo joystick instalados en sus zapatos, y los maneja con los dedos de los pies. “Puedo hacer cosas que me resultaron imposibles durante 26 años”, manifestó Hildreth a la publicación especializada IEEE Spectrum. “Como pelar un plátano sin hacerlo puré”. El brazo es el fruto de la compañía Deka Research and Development y su desarrollo costó más de 18 millones de dólares.

Rob Summers es otro caso excepcional. Quedó parapléjico cuando, a los 25 años, un coche le embistió y se dio a la fuga en el verano de 2006. Tenía por delante una prometedora carrera deportiva como jugador de béisbol. Le dijeron que jamás podría volver a andar ni mantenerse de pie. La ruta nerviosa que conectaba su cerebro con las piernas había quedado rota.

A pesar de ello, un estimulador eléctrico implantado en su médula le ha permitido, con entrenamiento, el milagro de sostenerse de pie durante algunos minutos, e incluso dar pasos en una cinta para correr. Summers se convirtió en el primer parapléjico que fue capaz de moverse por sí solo con la ayuda de la estimulación. El equipo de investigadores, liderado por Reggie Edgerton, neurocientífico de la Universidad de California en Los Ángeles (UCLA), publicó los resultados en la revista The Lancet. “Gracias a los experimentos con animales, sabemos que la médula espinal contiene una serie de sofisticados circuitos que realmente la hacen inteligente, hasta el punto de que puede aprender una función motora si se la enseña, y esto sucede incluso ante la total ausencia de señales del cerebro”, comentó Edgerton en un entrevista realizada por la UCLA. La médula espinal, por tanto, es inteligente y puede aprender por sí sola a estimular las piernas y recibir sus sensaciones. En opinión de Susan Harkema, neurocientífica de la Universidad de Louisville (EE UU), los nervios de la médula pueden hacer lo mismo que el cerebro. Pero el caso de Summers no puede generalizarse, advierte Edgerton. Su lesión medular, aunque muy severa, no fue completa. Eso quiere decir que en sus piernas retenía algo de sensibilidad, cosa que no sucede con las lesiones medulares radicales. Pero el hecho de ponerse de pie durante unos minutos es muy importante para una persona que no ha podido hacerlo en años.

La fusión entre el cerebro y la máquina, con intercambio mutuo de información, ya ha comenzado, pero queda mucho por hacer. Los dispositivos de interfaz que conectan a los enfermos mediante un cable y un enchufe a la electrónica aún no han salido del laboratorio. Donoghue quiere lograr interfaces inalámbricos. “No queremos que el enfermo tenga un enchufe en la cabeza. Piense en los teléfonos tradicionales. Cuando salieron, estaban fijados a la pared con un cable, al igual que el auricu­lar con el teléfono. Estamos ahora en esa etapa, pero queremos pasar a la siguiente, para convertir estos sistemas en algo totalmente inalámbrico, sin cables, para que la gente se mueva adonde quiera, y siempre lo lleven consigo”.

Chuck Hildreth es
un hombre biónico.
Mueve el 'brazo
metálico de Luke'

Los dispositivos interfaz tienen numerosas ventajas frente a otros sistemas no invasivos, como las caperuzas de electrodos, los cuales han permitido el control de una silla de ruedas o un cursor con un entrenamiento intensivo. Los primeros captan directamente el susurro de las neuronas. La señal se magnifica y procesa después en una computadora, y el análisis es cada vez más fino debido al avance de la informática. Las caperuzas de goma de electrodos, en cambio, se colocan con facilidad como un gorro, pero capturan mucho más ruido cerebral. “Imagine que está viendo un partido de fútbol entre España e Italia desde un globo, y desea saber cuáles son las instrucciones que les da el portero a los jugadores. Con la caperuza de electrodos, lo único que captaría es el rumor, las reacciones del público. Con nuestros dispositivos podría escuchar las conversaciones individuales, lo que el entrenador les dice a los jugadores”, explica Donoghue.

Los chips, sin embargo, no son aún duraderos. El caso de Cathy Hutchinson es excepcional. “El reto es conseguir que un dispositivo funcione durante décadas en la vida de una persona, que no se degrade con el tiempo y en tres años deje de funcionar”, destaca Carmena. Se trata de lograr implantes biocompatibles, que produzcan una señal clara y sin cables. En pocas décadas, estos dispositivos permitirían a los discapacitados controlar artefactos con el pensamiento de una manera natural. “No es exactamente telepatía, pero piensas en algo y ese algo ocurre”, dice Donoghue.

En un plano especulativo, uno podría pensar en un número de teléfono, el implante recogería la señal y la enviaría de forma inalámbrica a un aparato que marca el número pensado. “Aún no tenemos ni idea de cómo se representan los números en el cerebro. De momento, estamos tratando de replicar los pensamientos sobre mover brazos en el cerebro, y eso es ya todo un reto”.

Por su parte, el neurocientífico español José Carmena está convencido de que estas investigaciones abanderan una revolución sin precedentes. El sueño es lograr que algún día la mente humana maneje un artefacto robótico de una forma natural con la misma destreza con la que controla rutinariamente los movimientos de nuestro cuerpo. La tecnología no está disponible aún en la clínica, pero llegará. Ahora ya es posible convertir un pensamiento en acción. “Hace 10 años, esto era ciencia ficción”.

 

Monday, August 13, 2012

SCIENCE - How to make a modern Superhero - IRELAND

 

              

JOHN HOLDEN

We all have the potential to be extraordinary – we just don’t all get to realise it and end up being pulled back to average over time due to a natural process called ‘regression to the mean’

WITH HARD work and the right opportunities, all of us have the potential to be extraordinary. But in all likelihood we won’t be. Most of us will likely form the average part of the talent bell curve.
But this has little to do with some predestined determinism. Many factors affect success in life, whatever form that may take. Trinity College Clinical psychologist Dr Ian Roberston just published The Winner Effect, a book which examines the traits and psychology of success.

In statistics there is a theory known as “regression to the mean”. Technically speaking, this refers to the phenomenon that if a variable is extraordinary on its first measurement, it will likely be nearer to the average on a second measurement. The extreme tends to lose its edge over time. This applies to humans as well as numbers.

“Because of the complexity of our brains, every human being is unique and has their own special skill sets,” says Robertson. “Everyone can achieve but in terms of hard objective criteria – such as winning a Nobel Prize or an Olympic medal – the chances of becoming a winner, particularly if your parents were winners, are quite low.

This relates to regression to the mean,” he says. “If you choose any outlier – whether it is height or intelligence or sunny days – a second measurement is much more likely to go back to a lower, smaller, medium point. Most points cluster around the mean.”

Mediocrity loves company. But there are biological and psychological forces at play as well as statistical. “Abilities are partly inherited,” says Robertson. “If your parents are tall you will more than likely be above average. But in terms of natural ability, many people suffer from the curse of genetic fatalism.”

This refers to the theory that those who are naturally gifted from an early age can end up under-performing later in life because of an inability to deal with failure and setbacks. “Any threats to the ego can be very damaging.”

If you are the child of successful parents, things can be even more difficult. Parents expect offspring to achieve as well as they do, which can be a burden that is self-defeating.

Mom and Dad can play dirty too. In his book, Robertson refers to a situation known as “Hiding the ladder”.

“With some parents, success can go to their head,” he says. “They don’t want to recognise that luck played a big part.”

Very often, successful businessmen attribute their success to their unique talent. And so they don’t pass on this vital information to their offspring: that people who achieve in life work hard and are persistent.
“When you’re successful, very often your ego gets inflated and you want to believe yourself to be unique,” he says.

“That’s why you should never praise your kids for their brilliance or innate skill but for their hard work and determination. Otherwise you will build a very vulnerable castle in their head. You often see this in adolescents. Kids who do really well in school hit a setback later in life and fall to pieces.”
At the DCU Centre for Talented Youth Ireland (CTYI), they are well aware of this. Rather than focusing on traditionally broad IQ scores, the CTYI look at specific abilities among its students and then foster “talent development”.

“We look at intelligence over the life cycle of a person,” explains Dr Colm O’Reilly of the CTYI. “An IQ test at age eight is not an indicator of intelligence at 15 years. Interventions are needed all the time so that gifted children meet their potential.

“Besides, IQ scores are an indicator of potential rather than actual classified achievement. It takes a lot of work to keep students at the above average level, so they’re able to still be operating at what would be above the norm.”

The level of practice needed for accomplished athletes and musicians is huge, he adds. Nobel Prize winners work at a much higher and deeper level. While most of us will be prepared to study for five hours a day, they will be doing it for 10. Proficiency, hard work and determination are needed so that we don’t regress back to the mean.

“We work with kids with high ability who could potentially become Nobel Prize winners but not without motivation, intervention and opportunities to challenge themselves. If we don’t stimulate or work with them, they won’t perform to a level above the mean,” O’Reilly said.

If you were to continuously produce offspring, sometimes you would have strong, healthy and gifted children but the majority would be more representative of your average, explains Dr Brian Hughes of NUI Galway.

It also explains why in sports, so many football transfers are a disappointment and why so many managerial transfers fail also. If you look at an athlete’s performance at one particular point in their career it may not be representative of their ability over the long term.

In fact, many athletes are aware of this, particularly those who have achieved big things but then succumbed to the “curse of Sports Illustrated”. Once someone makes the cover of the popular US sports magazine, their careers often go into decline afterwards.

However, black magic is definitely not at play. “Athletes tend to be Player of the Year by the time they make the cover of Sports Illustrated,” says Hughes.

“This means they’re at the height of their careers. This is very often the best they’ll do in their field, so it follows that the following years might not be as good. Everybody will have some good days and some bad days. But you’re most likely to have an average day.”


THE THEORY OF UNLIKELY EVENTS
IN AN INCREASINGLY connected world, one can’t help being dangerously aware of how disorganised things are. Nations are co-operating more than ever but events such as the recent global economic meltdown demonstrate just how fickle our grasp of order really is. Nature plays its own part in keeping things running smoothly but every now and again things go horribly wrong, usually because of something humans have done.

Is there anyone out there who can try to predict and therefore prevent future catastrophes? Mathematicians are working on it. The Theory of Unlikely Events is a sub-branch of Probability Theory, called large deviation theory. “In many stochastic – or random – systems, highly unusual events occur not as a result of one unlikely happening (which would be the case for winning the lottery), but because many unlikely things happen,” explains NUI Maynooth applied mathematician Ken Duffy.

“One example would be an insurance company going bankrupt: it is not typically the case that one single huge claim exceeds reserves, but rather that many individual policies experience claims in a brief window.”

This type of mathematical probability is most useful in assessing information systems and also risk management. Had Ulster Bank a few good mathematicians on their staff, maybe their recent technical disaster could have been averted. Better still, the whole global economic meltdown was probably forecast by number-crunchers who were a little too far away from the action.

“Large deviation theory characterises the likelihood of these sorts of rare events and identifies how, should they happen, they are likely to occur,” says Duffy. “Indeed, the earliest rigorous results in the field were motivated by that very example about a century ago when the Swedish mathematician Harald Cramer wanted to get improved estimates on the likelihood an insurance company would go bankrupt.

“It’s a sophisticated mathematical theory, used broadly in physics and engineering. In operations research, for example, in understanding, for example, how bad backlogs occur in queuing systems.”

Monday, July 9, 2012

SCIENCE / WORLD - HIGGS PARTICLE - NEWS UPDATE!


A Blip That Speaks of Our Place in the Universe


Cern European Pressphoto Agency

By LAWRENCE M. KRAUSS

Published: July 9, 2012

ASPEN, Colo. — Last week, physicists around the world were glued to computers at very odd hours (I was at a 1 a.m. physics “party” here with a large projection screen and dozens of colleagues) to watch live as scientists at the Large Hadron Collider, outside Geneva, announced that they had apparently found one of the most important missing pieces of the jigsaw puzzle that is nature.

The “Higgs particle,” proposed almost 50 years ago to allow for consistency between theoretical predictions and experimental observations in elementary particle physics, appears to have been discovered — even as the detailed nature of the discovery allows room for even more exotic revelations that may be just around the corner.

It is natural for those not deeply involved in the half-century quest for the Higgs to ask why they should care about this seemingly esoteric discovery. There are three reasons.

First, it caps one of the most remarkable intellectual adventures in human history — one that anyone interested in the progress of knowledge should at least be aware of.

Second, it makes even more remarkable the precarious accident that allowed our existence to form from nothing — further proof that the universe of our senses is just the tip of a vast, largely hidden cosmic iceberg.

And finally, the effort to uncover this tiny particle represents the very best of what the process of science can offer to modern civilization.

If one is a theoretical physicist working on some idea late at night or at a blackboard with colleagues over coffee one afternoon, it is almost terrifying to imagine that something that you cook up in your mind might actually be real. It’s like staring at a large jar and being asked to guess the number of jelly beans inside; if you guess right, it seems too good to be true.

The prediction of the Higgs particle accompanied a remarkable revolution that completely changed our understanding of particle physics in the latter part of the 20th century.

Just 50 years ago, in spite of the great advances of physics in the previous half century, we understood only one of the four fundamental forces of nature — electromagnetism — as a fully consistent quantum theory. In just one subsequent decade, however, not only had three of the four known forces succumbed to our investigations, but a new elegant unity of nature had been uncovered.

It was found that all of the known forces could be described using a single mathematical framework — and that two of the forces, electromagnetism and the weak force (which governs the nuclear reactions that power the sun), were actually different manifestations of a single underlying theory.

How could two such different forces be related? After all, the photon, the particle that conveys electromagnetism, has no mass, while the particles that convey the weak force are very massive — almost 100 times as heavy as the particles that make up atomic nuclei, a fact that explains why the weak force is weak.

What the British physicist Peter Higgs and several others showed is that if there exists an otherwise invisible background field permeating all of space, then the particles that convey some force like electromagnetism can interact with this field and effectively encounter resistance to their motion and slow down, like a swimmer moving through molasses.

As a result, these particles can behave as if they are heavy, as if they have a mass. The physicist Steven Weinberg later applied this idea to a model of the weak and electromagnetic forces previously proposed by Sheldon L. Glashow, and everything fit together.

This idea can be extended to the rest of particles in nature, including the protons and neutrons and electrons that make up the atoms in our bodies. If some particle interacts more strongly with this background field, it ends up acting heavier. If it interacts more weakly, if acts lighter. If it doesn’t interact at all, like the photon, it remains massless.

If anything sounds too good to be true, this is it. The miracle of mass — indeed of our very existence, because if not for the Higgs, there would be no stars, no planets and no people — is possible because of some otherwise hidden background field whose only purpose seems to be to allow the world to look the way it does.

Dr. Glashow, who along with Dr. Weinberg won a Nobel Prize in Physics, later once referred to this “Higgs field” as the “toilet” of modern physics because that’s where all the ugly details that allow the marvelous beauty of the physical world are hidden.

But relying on invisible miracles is the stuff of religion, not science. To ascertain whether this remarkable accident was real, physicists relied on another facet of the quantum world.

Associated with every background field is a particle, and if you pick a point in space and hit it hard enough, you may whack out real particles. The trick is hitting it hard enough over a small enough volume.

And that’s the rub. After 50 years of trying, including a failed attempt in this country to build an accelerator to test these ideas, no sign of the Higgs had appeared. In fact, I was betting against it, since a career in theoretical physics has taught me that nature usually has a far richer imagination than we do.

Until last week.

Every second at the Large Hadron Collider, enough data is generated to fill more than 1,000 one-terabyte hard drives — more than the information in all the world’s libraries. The logistics of filtering and analyzing the data to find the Higgs particle peeking out under a mountain of noise, not to mention running the most complex machine humans have ever built, is itself a triumph of technology and computational wizardry of unprecedented magnitude.

The physicist Victor F. Weisskopf — the colorful first director of CERN, the European Center for Nuclear Research, which operates the collider — once described large particle accelerators as the gothic cathedrals of our time. Like those beautiful remnants of antiquity, accelerators require the cutting edge of technology, they take decades or more to build, and they require the concerted efforts of thousands of craftsmen and women. At CERN, each of the mammoth detectors used to study collisions requires the work of thousands of physicists, from scores of countries, speaking several dozen languages.

Most significantly perhaps, cathedrals and colliders are both works of incomparable grandeur that celebrate the beauty of being alive.

The apparent discovery of the Higgs may not result in a better toaster or a faster car. But it provides a remarkable celebration of the human mind’s capacity to uncover nature’s secrets, and of the technology we have built to control them. Hidden in what seems like empty space — indeed, like nothing, which is getting more interesting all the time — are the very elements that allow for our existence.

By demonstrating that, last week’s discovery will change our view of ourselves and our place in the universe. Surely that is the hallmark of great music, great literature, great art ...and great science.


Monday, June 18, 2012

FUN - UNITED STATES

You'll want to keep your eyes open for this one... World's tallest roller coaster opens amid spectacular views



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Thrill seekers with a head for heights were climbing over one and other to be among the first to ride the world’s tallest roller coaster as it was unveiled on Friday.

The latest addition to Adventure Park in Glenwood Springs, Colorado is set on a base elevation of 7,000 feet, making it the highest roller coaster in the world.

Named ‘Cliffhanger’, the ride is literally perched atop an Iron Mountain cliff, overlooking the city and offering glimpses of spectacular scenery.



Hair-raising: Named 'Cliffhanger', the ride is literally perched atop an Iron Mountain cliff, overlooking the city and offering glimpses of spectacular scenery
Hair-raising: Named 'Cliffhanger', the ride is literally perched atop an Iron Mountain cliff, overlooking the city and offering glimpses of spectacular scenery

It starts with a sharp ride up and then a dramatic drop down, with twists and turns throwing evening the most seasoned rider off-balance.

Those brave enough to keep their eyes open witness panoramic views up the Roaring Fork Valley and into the Glenwood Canyon, as their carts roar around the tracks.


1500 feet beneath the adrenaline-pumping ride the Colorado River twists out of the canyon.


Stunning: Those brave enough to keep their eyes open witness panoramic views up the Roaring Fork Valley and into the Glenwood Canyon, as their carts roar around the tracks
Stunning: Those brave enough to keep their eyes open witness panoramic views up the Roaring Fork Valley and into the Glenwood Canyon, as their carts roar around the tracks


Construction: Officials say they had their difficulties putting up the giant coaster but hope that the $1m spend will be worth it
Construction: Officials say they had their difficulties putting up the giant coaster but hope that the $1m spend will be worth it

‘We hope it's going to be a game changer to our park,’ Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park's Maintenance Manager, Kelly Bates told KJCT8.com.

And not least because of how tricky it was to install.

‘There was a lot of challenges,’ she said.

‘Trucking was our biggest one because we have three miles of basically a single lane dirt road that gets to the top of this hill and it took thirteen semis to transport this ride from where it was at previously in Branson, Missouri.’

The impressive coaster cost close to $1 million, but officials hope it will pay off, cutting lines for other rides and offering more options to the park’s users


Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2160769/Youll-want-eyes-open--Worlds-tallest-roller-coaster-opens-amid-spectacular-views.html#ixzz1y8l2HMCt

Friday, June 15, 2012

TODAY + TOMORROW / G20 - BRAZIL

What can expect from future Erasmus?

The youngest accredited Rio + 20 refers to the challenges of the planet for the next decades



Erasmus, de sete meses e meio, filho da professora sueca Sylvia Karlsson, é o mais jovem credenciado a circular no Riocentro
Foto: Márcia Foletto / O Globo

Erasmus, seven and a half months, son of Swedish Professor Sylvia Karlsson, is the youngest accredited to circulate in Riocentro Marcia Foletto/O Globo
RIO — a baby of seven and a half months, called Erasmus, is the youngest participant of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio + 20. Her mother, Sylvia Karlsson, Swedish is Professor of environmental studies of the Dutch University Wageningen. With 41 years, this already was in Rio to activist a meeting of NGOs and returned 41 years now to, with the child in her arms. Managed to credenciá it to the Rio + 20.

Accommodated in your cart, Erasmus bite your own badge, access to the pavilions of the Riocentro. And smile, his smile banguela and innocent of those who do not know what is going on.
— He is happy with the move. Will be created as a citizen of the world, worried about the world. We know that these changes are a long-term process. Erasmus is just beginning to participate. And is optimistic — guarantees Mommy proud to reporters and Marcia Foletto Malkes Renata.
Erasmus did not know. How could it know. But the global economic crisis is undermining the possibilities for Rio + 20 negotiators can tie an ambitious text to ensure a decent future for Erasmus and other millions of children around the world. Many will be born in Sweden, Brazil, Bangladesh, South Africa, China, Germany.
In 2050, humanity can count 9 billion people. On that date, Erasmus will have 38 years. Virtually to the age that his mother has today. He has no idea that, to support 9 billion people, a land is not enough.You will need one and a half or even two. And who could reinvent the planet? Each bracket that diplomats push each in the final document, the fate of Erasmus Gets a little more uncertain.

The industries need to do their part, science and politics as well. And we need to find ways out of the oceans and forests and it is also essential to guarantee the diversity of types (humans) of the planet. As the reader will find in the pages that follow.


Thursday, June 7, 2012

LIFESTYLE - USA

The future of ‘famine foods,’ unconventional edibles in the garden

They’re called poor people’s foods. Plants foraged by starving folk and scavenged when crops succumb to drought: They’re what you eat just to get by. Many are unusually rich in nutrients, have medicinal value and may even taste good. But because they’re free for the taking they get little respect.
Scientists in fields such as ethnobotany study them and the ways they are eaten. But the true experts are indigenous people all over the world who’ve inherited them as part of their culture.

 
To the rest of us, who rely for our food on an alarmingly few species of plants grown on an industrial scale, these wild edibles are a gardener’s curiosity that may hold the key to a more sustainable way of feeding the world in the years to come.
A treasure house of knowledge about survival plants can be found on the Famine Foods Web site, sponsored by the horticulture department of Purdue University. Browsing through its database, you might be surprised to see a number of foods that are in your yard, such as the leaves of forsythia — eaten in China with oil and salt — or a garden narcissus that the French turn into flour. Will times ever be so bad that you’ll need to nibble the edible leaves of your expensive Japanese maple? Unlikely. But it’s useful to know that a pesky species like shepherd’s purse, a common weed, is a nutritional powerhouse, and that roots from the evil, tree-smothering kudzu vine, steamed and eaten, could someday save your life.
For the most part, though, these names are mysterious and surprising in their numbers. There are well over 1,000 listed, and many more could be discovered by searching beyond the world’s standard fare. It seems that all parts of a plant are tried — leaves, stems, root, seeds, bark — until someone who is as indomitable as the plant itself finds a way to consume it.
In one entry after another, these foods are made tastier by the addition of salt, oils, chile peppers and other condiments. At times they’re blended with staples such as common flours to stretch the supply. Some must be repeatedly soaked and drained, or boiled, to reduce bitterness.
Even more important are the tricks to reduce the toxicity that some foods possess, knowledge that’s in danger of being lost as these plants lose their habitats or fall further into obscurity. As the world’s population expands, we’ll need crops that grow when nothing else will.
Robert L. Freedman, who created and compiled the database and whose “Notes on the Famine Foods Website” gives a fine account of the subject, writes that there is no time to be lost in studying and rescuing both the plants and their lore. “Among these, known famine plant species may provide alternatives to costly Green Revolution approaches to providing staple crops for areas of the world in greatest need of food production self-sufficiency.”
And who knows which among them might someday be culinary darlings? I recall a native poverty food of ours, the eating of which was once so shameful that its remains were quickly buried. It was called the lobster.

Damrosch is a freelance writer and the author of “The Garden Primer.”
Tip of the week
Provide a decorative and useful edge to the vegetable garden with a row of okra plants. Sow seeds now and thin after germination so plants are spaced 18 inches apart. Plants can grow as high as seven feet, depending on variety. Soak seeds overnight before planting to speed germination. Apart from local garden centers, a good source of okra seeds is Southern Exposure Seed Exchange (540-894-9480, www.southernexposure.com).