Tuesday, July 31, 2012

SOCIEDAD, HISTORIA DE LA HUMANIDAD - ESPAÑA

Los San lo iniciaron todo

Hallados en Sudáfrica los primeros artefactos de la cultura humana moderna

Los bosquimanos propagaron hace 44.000 años la tecnología del cazador


El hallazgo incluye bastones de madera, punzones de hueso y ornamentos corporales. / f. d'errico / l. backwell
Una de las grandes paradojas de la paleontología es el llamado Gran Salto, o aparición repentina en Europa, hace unos 40.000 años, de los instrumentos avanzados propios de la creatividad humana moderna. Pero los últimos datos revelan que ese Gran Salto ya había ocurrido en África 4.000 años antes. Un grupo de arqueólogos encabezados por Francesco d’Erico, de la Universidad de Burdeos, acaba de descubrir estas evidencias en la cueva de la Frontera (Border Cave), un yacimiento de extraordinaria riqueza situado en el límite entre Suazilandia y la provincia surafricana de Zululandia, en el sudeste del continente. Los artefactos pertenecen a la cultura San, uno de los grupos de bosquimanos que, según todas las evidencias, inventaron la moderna cultura de los cazadores-recolectores que enseguida se propagó por el mundo.

Las huellas arqueológicas de instrumentos sofisticados y de la primera cultura simbólica de que se tiene noticia ya habían aparecido en este y otros yacimientos sudafricanos —en particular la cueva Blombos, en el puro extremo meridional del continente— en estratos datados hace 75.000 años. Sin embargo, esa cultura relativamente avanzada no debió establecerse con firmeza, pues desapareció 15.000 años después sin dejar rastro aparente.


Este grupo fue el primero, si no en domesticar abejas, sí en utilizar su cera
Los artefactos de la cultura San hallados en la cueva de la Frontera, por el contrario, abarcan un periodo extenso de tiempo y un abanico mucho más amplio de tecnologías. Incluyen ornamentos corporales hechos de conchas y cuentas, huesos con muescas, bastones de madera para excavar, punzones de hueso y puntas de flecha del mismo material. Los resultados se presentan este martes en PNAS.

Los San también fueron los primeros, si no en domesticar a las abejas, al menos sí en utilizar la cera de las colmenas para sus propósitos industriales, según proponen los autores. La cueva de la Frontera contiene restos analizables de una pócima hecha con huevo, cera de abeja y resina de euphorbia, un material francamente pegajoso que los primitivos bosquimanos, posiblemente, utilizaban para adherir las herramientas a su mango. El primer pegamento de la historia, datado en 40.000 años.

El artefacto más reciente, que data de hace 24.000 años, es un aplicador de veneno que aún conserva restos tóxicos derivados de semillas de ricino. Nuestros ancestros no se andaban con tonterías a la hora de cazar.


El artefacto más reciente,
que data de hace 24.000 años,
es un aplicador de veneno
Los resultados añaden fuerza a otras evidencias genómicas obtenidas el año pasado, y a los análisis lingüísticos que se han ido acumulando en los últimos años. También según estas líneas de investigación, nuestros primeros ancestros eran bosquimanos del sur de África, como los San, y se comunicaban en khoisán, el lenguaje-clic que probablemente fue lengua ancestral de la humanidad, donde las consonantes eran chasquidos como el que aún usamos para indicar fastidio, y como el sonido de un beso.

Los San y otros bosquimanos del sur revelan una variedad genética interna mucho mayor que cualquier otra población humana actual. Y la explicación más simple es que toda la humanidad actual proviene de aquellos primitivos habitantes del sur de África —no de Etiopía, como se pensaba anteriormente—, y que los actuales hablantes de lenguajes clic son los herederos en línea directa de nuestros primeros padres.

CIENCIA Y MEDIO AMBIENTE - MEXICO

Buscan proteger fondos marinos de la explotación minera

Consorcios internacionales buscan hacer explotación minera de los fondos marinos en zonas internacionales; es por ello que organismos internacionales elaboran mecanismos de protección de los ecosistemas marinos profundos

Una razón por la cual las actividades mineras impactarían al fondo marino es la contaminación de las aguas. (Foto: Archivo El Universal )



La minería en los fondos marinos ya no es una actividad irrealizable, como se pensó hace cincuenta años. Tras el desarrollo de nuevos equipos y métodos para estudiar los océanos y para llegar a kilómetros de profundidad, se acerca el momento en que se puedan extraer a nivel comercial los recursos minerales del lecho marino.

Ante ello, es fundamental proteger dichos fondos, porque aún se desconoce mucho sobre qué especies viven en estos ambientes, cómo evolucionaron y cómo se distribuyen en el planeta, afirmó Elva Escobar Briones, directora del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología de la UNAM (ICMyL).

La especialista subrayó que no obstante las expediciones realizadas a estos hábitats desde hace poco más de un siglo, las zonas que se han muestreado equivalen apenas a la superficie de unos cuantos campos de fútbol.

Esta es la razón por la cual instancias internacionales elaboran los mecanismos para proteger los ecosistemas marinos profundos de los posibles impactos por la actividad humana, regulaciones que hasta hace una década eran inexistentes.

Uno de estos, propuesto por especialistas en el estudio del mar profundo de la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos (órgano creado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, encargado de administrar los recursos mineros en áreas internacionales), consiste en el establecimiento de "zonas de especial interés ambiental", localizadas en uno de los depósitos de metales en aguas internacionales del Océano Pacífico central, y uno de los más atractivos económicamente a nivel mundial.

Desde el año 2000 hasta la fecha, la Autoridad ha otorgado a consorcios mineros provenientes de países como India, Francia, Japón, Rusia, China, Corea y Alemania, ocho permisos de exploración en las mencionadas zonas, con duración de quince años, para que se extraigan un tipo de estructuras ricas en varios metales, llamadas nódulos de manganeso.

De acuerdo con Escobar Briones, quien participó en el diseño de las zonas, en este momento los contratistas realizan actividades de prospección, la primera fase que conduce a la explotación, y en la cual se hacen colectas a pequeña escala, así como pruebas de laboratorio, para determinar los procesos de extracción de los metales.

Al término de quince años se evaluará si continúa la exploración, dijo la investigadora, y no se descarta que al final de la evaluación se apruebe la explotación comercial de los recursos del fondo oceánico.

Áreas protegidas en el fondo del océano
Como las llamadas Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP), instrumentos de política ambiental utilizados dentro de los países para proteger áreas de gran valor ecológico, las zonas de protección del Pacífico tendrían también una zona núcleo, donde no se permitiría la minería, y una zona de amortiguamiento, ubicada en un lugar contiguo, y que serviría para limitar los impactos de las actividades en las áreas vecinas.

Elva Escobar señaló que la creación de áreas de protección del Pacífico es novedosa por varios motivos. En principio, no se encuentran bajo el gobierno de ningún país (como sí lo están las ANP), pues pertenecen al patrimonio común de la humanidad; además, están en zonas donde hay nódulos de manganeso, un tipo de estructuras ricas en metales, y finalmente, colindan con sitios donde se realizan actividades mineras a pequeña escala.

De acuerdo con la especialista en ecología y biodiversidad acuática, para el diseño de las zonas de protección se consideró también que fueran sitios únicos, importantes para algún ciclo de vida y cuyos ecosistemas fueran más vulnerables que otros
.
¿Por qué es importante elaborar estrategias para proteger el fondo marino?
El estudio "Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea", publicado en el año 2011 en PlosONE, menciona por lo menos tres posibles impactos de la minería en los ecosistemas profundos.

El primero es la destrucción física del entorno: "Los nódulos de manganeso son el único sustrato en gran parte del suelo abisal, así que la minería retiraría un tipo de hábitat importante, causando la extinción local de la fauna de los nódulos", mencionan los autores del artículo.

Un segundo impacto se debe a la "agitación" del suelo marino al momento de la extracción de metales, pues ésta levanta partículas del suelo oceánico que momentáneamente se mezclan con el agua. Tiempo después, las partículas caen al fondo para asentarse, pero al hacerlo, al re-depositarse, entierran a los organismos que allí habitan.

Se ha observado que las comunidades de seres vivos tardan años en recuperarse de este proceso de "agitación" del fondo marino, y que las zonas afectadas se colonizan por especies distintas a las originales, lo que transforma de manera contundente al ecosistema.

La tercera razón por la cual las actividades mineras impactarían al fondo marino es la contaminación de las aguas con desechos mineros.

El fondo marino, un lugar desconocido
La directora del ICMyL comentó que las zonas de especial interés ambiental servirán para la recolección de datos biológicos y ambientales y, a su vez, para conocer los hábitats "desde la línea base y cómo cambian conforme se afectan", es decir, cómo son en un estado inicial no afectado por las actividades humanas y cómo se transforman una vez que son impactados por las últimas.

Agregó que si bien vamos tarde en el estudio del impacto de nuestras actividades en los hábitats del fondo marino, pues ya los hemos afectado, los resultados servirán para dar recomendaciones de qué se puede y qué no se puede hacer en los fondos oceánicos.

Las zonas de especial interés ambiental se insertan en un instrumento más general, el Plan de Ordenación de dicha zona, que todavía se está revisando por los especialistas de la Autoridad.
Los mecanismos de protección del medio marino no son los únicos en desarrollo; en la misma situación se encuentran los marcos jurídicos que regularán las actividades mineras, en particular, en aquellas zonas que no se encuentran bajo la jurisdicción o gobierno de algún país.

La doctora Escobar enfatizó que lo imperante es que se tomen las medidas y se elaboren los escenarios futuros de la minería utilizando el conocimiento biológico, geológico e hidrológico que tenemos, "aunque no sea el más completo", y agregó: "nuestro principal reto es llevar todo esto a un punto equilibrado, en el que podamos aprovechar los recursos sin que destruyamos los hábitats".
Dirección General de Divulgación de la Ciencia, UNAM

NATURE AND PRESERVATION - MALAYSIA

Nature lovers want Rail Corridor to be preserved




Nature lovers want the former KTM railway land in Singapore to remain as an icon of past progress.
SINCE the cessation of Keretapi Tanah Melayu Bhd’s (KTM) train services from Woodlands to Tanjung Pagar, Singapore, last July, nature lovers in the republic have been hoping the greenery along the stretch of land that was once a Rail Corridor will be preserved.

The stretch from Woodlands to Tanjung Pagar is 26km long, and if one includes the abandoned spur line from Bukit Timah to Jurong, the former railway land vacated by KTM forms a Y-shaped trail 40km long, while taking up an area that is close to 174ha (430 acres).

Not surprisingly, nature lovers see it as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to salvage a relatively undisturbed green patch that stretches from the north to the south of the island.
Vestige of the past: A last entry in the Mandai gatekeeper’s log is written on the door of the hut, which now lies derelict. Nature has reclaimed the surroundings of the former railway track. (Picture snapped on July 11, 2012.)
According to the Nature Society of Singapore (NSS), the abundance of various types of vegetation, ranging from large trees to shrubbery along the fringe of the former railway reserve, presents a great opportunity for a tropical rainforest to flourish, if the area is left to regenerate.

Greenies argue that the unbroken cover of greenery can serve as the “central green spine” of Singapore by linking up all the existing nature reserves and other patches of greenery to facilitate or encourage the movement of wildlife.

According to NSS, the large body of non-manicured greenery is now greater than the sum of all its parts. The organisation’s position is already well articulated at both government-sponsored events, as well as in the social media (see www.nss.org.sg/documents/TheGreenCorridor101103.pdf for a detailed view.)

Even when the trains were running, the land along the line was already used as a green corridor of sorts, as they linked areas that still harbour a significant degree of biodiversity such as the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the mangroves of Mandai.

This returfed stretch near the Kranji crossing would most likely have been covered in thick undergrowth by now. (Snapped three months after the KTM trains stopped running in Singapore.)
The corridor is expected to enhance the value of existing and future developments in adjacent areas, though it is felt that the Singapore government will inevitably have to strike a balance between the need for development and conservation.

Officially, it has been announced that all aspects will be considered in the development plans for the Rail Corridor: the green aspect, heritage and history, and innovative land use fusing development and conservation. Some foreign examples of successful preservation ventures include the redevelopment of New York’s High Line (The High Line is a public park built on an historic freight rail line elevated above the streets on Manhattan’s West Side in New York, the United States) as well as Paris’s Promenade Plantée (The Promenade Plantée is a extensive green belt that follows the old Vincennes railway line in Paris, France).

On account of their historical significance, the Tanjong Pagar Railway Station has been preserved as a national monument, while the Bukit Timah Railway Station has been conserved.

Thankfully, Malaysia had agreed to leave behind two beautiful steel truss bridges near Bukit Timah, though it is sad that a few other shorter steel bridges were removed, thus robbing the corridor of a few solid icons that would have served as a reminder of the trains that used to run across the land.

With the cessation of KTM Bhd’s train services from Woodlands to Tanjung Pagar last July, nature lovers in the republic are clamouring for much of the greenery along the land to be preserved.
Singapore is currently collating feedback and ideas from the public on the future use of the conserved buildings, as well as how the land can be integrated with future developments. The aim is to get the Rail Corridor plans up in time to be exhibited together with the Urban Redevelopment Authority’s draft master plan next year.

In her foreword in NSS’s report on the Rail Corridor, Dr Geh Min, the immediate past president, said: “The least challenging and most unimaginative ‘solution’ would be for policy makers, planners and developers to parcel the land out as real estate, dismantle the line, erase the railway and its memory from the public domain and relegate it to textbook history. That would be a costly mistake. Much of Singapore’s natural and man-made heritage has been jettisoned as excess baggage in our rush to transform ourselves from a Third to a First World country.

“A more inclusive and considered approach would have recognised their value as ballast in nation-building and sustainable development, and while attempts are now being made to restore some of them at great expense (like the ecolink between Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the Central Catchment), many are irretrievably lost.

“This proposal for the KTM railway should not be viewed as a barrier to development. After all, the railway has been a symbol of progress in the past and should continue to be so. Rather, we feel that by exploring more creative, sensitive and inclusive ways to utilise the railway and its land, we would be enhancing rather than reducing its value. In a country searching desperately for genuine icons it would be a tragedy to destroy this potent symbol of connectivity and inclusive progress.”

More information on the Rail Corridor can be seen at www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor, www.thegreencorridor.org and thelongnwindingroad. wordpress.com

Monday, July 30, 2012

ENVIRONMENT - DOLPHINS - WORLD


Divided dolphin societies merge 'for first time'

By Matt Bardo Reporter, BBC Nature

Two become one: the unification of these two socially distinct groups of bottlenose dolphin demonstrates the intelligence and social adaptability of the species

A unique social division among a population of bottlenose dolphins in Australia's Moreton Bay has ended, according to a new study.

The dolphins lived as two distinct groups that rarely interacted, one of which foraged on trawler bycatch.

But scientists think that a ban on fishing boats from key areas has brought the two groups together.

They believe these socially flexible mammals have united to hunt for new food sources together.

The findings are published in the journal Animal Behaviour.

Dolphin see, dolphin do?


Bottlenose dolphins have large brains and quickly learn new behaviours. Using a wide range of sounds to communicate with other members of the group, or "pod", they have been observed showing remarkable individual and social intelligence:

·         One for the team: watch how a single dolphin peels off from the pod to shepherd the mullet into the open mouths of the group

·         Bubble trouble: initially cautious of the new shapes created by the bubble machine, you can see how quickly the inquisitive dolphins turn this experiment into a game

·         Mirror, mirror on the wall: from the reaction of these dolphins to their own reflection, scientists believe the animals have a developed sense of self

·         Thinking out cloud: see how these dolphins off the Florida coast have developed a unique hunting strategy for the shallows off the Florida coast

The Moreton Bay dolphins were thought to be the only recorded example of a single population that consisted of groups that were not associating with each other in a split dubbed "the parting of the pods".

But since the study that discovered the rift, trawlers have been banned from designated areas of the bay leading to a 50% reduction in the fishing effort.

A key area of the bay to the south, where the social split was observed by the previous study, has been protected.

The changes gave scientists a unique opportunity to observe the adaptability of dolphin society.

The "trawler" dolphins from Moreton Bay had previously fed on the bycatch from boats while the "non-trawlers" found other sources of food.

"There's never been really any experiments looking at social structure... where you can compare what it was like before and what it is like now," said Dr Ina Ansmann, marine vertebrate ecologist, University of Queensland, and the study's lead author.

Analysing how the population interacted before and after trawling meant the team could assess how the dolphins' social network had changed.

"The dolphins had basically re-arranged their whole social system after trawling disappeared so they're now actually interacting again," Dr Ansmann told BBC Nature.

The scientists identified individual dolphins by the marks on their dorsal fin and recorded which animals were associating with which.

"Each dolphin has small injuries like nicks and notches, cuts and things like that on the fin so they all have a very unique looking dorsal fin."

This technique meant that Dr Ansmann could observe changes in behaviour, in some cases down to the individual dolphins which had been studied in the 1990s to reveal the original division.

One of those males is now fully integrated into a single community.


The "trawler" dolphins of Moreton Bay benefited from the bycatch thrown back from fishing boats

"Presumably they're sharing information, co-operating and things like that."

Dolphins operate in what is called a fission-fusion society, forming groups and then splitting up to form different groups.

Through complex communication and social intelligence, bottlenose dolphins often work as a team when hunting for food and Dr Ansmann believes this may be what lies behind the unification.

"When relying on natural food sources I guess it's more important for them to interact with others, or to learn from others, or to co-operate with others to get to these food sources," she said.

The results suggest that a flexible social structure may be an important factor in how dolphins exploit a wide range of resources in the marine environment.


SOCIETY - FAMILY - UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Family rituals matter

Ramadan brings about a special atmosphere to the homes of many families
  • By Jumana Khamis, Special to Gulf News
  • Published: 14:03 July 29, 2012


Dubai: For many people, getting together with the family is one of the most important rituals in Ramadan.
Twenty four-year-old Ali Rekaby from Egypt is no different. He agrees that family plays the main role in creating the Ramadan atmosphere. “I am not exactly sure why, but it’s always different to have family over for iftar during Ramadan rather than to have them over during any other time of the year,” he said. “There is a certain excitement to it,” he added. Ali who’s an internal auditor in Abu Dhabi explains that it’s a feeling he has experienced every Ramadan since childhood.
After the long hours of fasting, many families like to gather at sunset to break their fast together over iftar.
Ali and his family usually break their fast with a glass of warm milk, which contains dates. He describes it as “a good jolt of sugar to the system after a day of fasting.” Right after, the whole family joins together for sunset prayers. Following the prayers, Ali and his family gather around the dinner table for iftar. “As Egyptians, our iftar is usually a heavy meal, which is something I personally dislike,” Ali said. He explains that he prefers to have his heavy dinner after the Ramadan late evening prayers (Taraweeh) to avoid feeling sleepy during the prayers.
On most days, Ali spends the rest of the evening with his uncle and cousins enjoying the family gathering.

Thursday, July 26, 2012

TECHNOLOGY AND THE UNIVERSE -THE NEW PLANET - UNITED KINGDOM


Pluto's day in the sun




Pluto is known to have five moons. Photo: AFP/NASA/ESA

A TECHNIQUE called ''averted vision'' is used by astronomers to make tough observations and see faint, difficult objects. Pluto is a faint, difficult object.

Some suggest anyone declaring they've seen it in a small telescope must have been using averted imagination.

Pluto is one of the toughest observations that can be made. The usual recommendation is to use an eight-inch telescope from a rural sky; and it would be better if you had a 10-inch. Within the Astronomical Society of Victoria there's a small number of observers who have found it in an eight-inch 'scope and, to the best of my knowledge, only one who got his quarry in a six-inch. The problem is it's smaller than our moon - in fact, two-thirds the diameter and one-sixth the mass. Can't call that a planet. It's so far out in space that light from the sun takes 4½ hours to get there. This makes it very faint and if it were not for photography, I venture to suggest it would never have been discovered visually.


Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto in 1930. Photo: Lowell Observatory Archives

There is almost no detail to be seen of Pluto, even in the largest instruments. Much of our knowledge comes from spectroscopic analysis of its light and mathematical computations. It was only relatively recently, in June 1978, that we discovered its moon Charon. The two are in locked rotation, with the same side of each eternally facing the other. In May 2005 two smaller moons, Nix and Hydra, were found by the Hubble Telescope. A fourth was discovered in July last year and a fifth announced two weeks ago.

Of the ''original'' nine planets, Pluto has yet to be visited by a space probe. In a nice gesture, official permission to visit the planet was asked of Clyde Tombaugh, who discovered it in 1930 and the New Horizons Spacecraft was launched towards Pluto in 2006. Taking nine years to travel the 4.7 billion kilometres, it will arrive on Bastille Day, July 14, 2015. As that date nears, the excitement is rising. Tombaugh died before the probe left and among its instrument-crammed load, it's carrying some of his ashes.

Wednesday, July 25, 2012

ALLAZGO DE 5000 AÑOS DE ANTIGUEDAD - EGIPTO


Hallaron una barca funeraria de 5.000 años de antigüedad

Está conformada por once tablas de madera, de seis metros de largo por 1,5 de ancho. Fue encontrada en Guizah y habría pertenecido a la I dinastía faraónica.


Barca funeraria hallada por un equipo de arqueólogos en Egipto, que data de la era del rey Den, de la I dinastía faraónica, en torno al 3.000 a.C. (EFE)Barca funeraria hallada por un equipo de arqueólogos en Egipto, que data de la era del rey Den, de la I dinastía faraónica, en torno al 3.000
Barca funeraria hallada por un equipo de arqueólogos en Egipto, que data de la era del rey Den, de la I dinastía faraónica, en torno al 3.000 a.C. (EFE)

Barca funeraria hallada por un equipo de arqueólogos en Egipto, que data de la era del rey Den, de la I dinastía faraónica, en torno al 3.000 a.C. (EFE)

25/07/12 - 13:34

Un equipo de arqueólogos encontró en Egipto una barca funeraria de madera que data de la era del rey Den, de la I dinastía faraónica, en torno al 3.000 a.C.

En un comunicado, el titular del Ministerio egipcio de Antigüedades Mohamed Ibrahim, destacó que la barca se encuentra en buen estado y fue encontrada en la zona arqueológica de Abu Rauash, en la provincia de Guizah, al oeste de El Cairo.

Ibrahim precisó que una delegación del Instituto Científico francés de Antigüedades Orientales estaba excavando en el lugar cuando descubrió los restos de la barca, conformada por once tablas de madera, cada una de 6 metros de largo y 1,5 de ancho.

Las piezas fueron trasladadas al centro de rehabilitación del Gran Museo egipcio, donde serán tratadas para garantizar su conservación antes de ser expuestas en la sala dedicada al río Nilo del Museo Nacional de la Civilización Egipcia.

Comida, tazas y peines entre otros utensilios formaban parte del ajuar con el que los antiguos egipcios enterraban a sus muertos, convencidos de que los necesitarían en otra vida. Los que estaban más alto en la pirámide social incluían hasta muebles y joyas.

Un responsable del Gran Museo, Husein Abdel Basir, aseguró que la embarcación encontrada se inscribía dentro de ese grupo, ya que se colocaba al lado de la tumba para que el muerto pudiera utilizarla en su viaje a la otra vida. Este tipo de embarcaciones ya habían sido encontradas junto a los féretros de los faraones.

En febrero comenzaron los trabajos para extraer cientos de piezas de madera de la segunda barca solar del más poderoso de los faraones egipcios, Keops (
2609-2584 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting 2609-2584 end_of_the_skype_highlighting a.C.), perteneciente a la IV dinastía.


SCIENCE VS. NATURE - GREENLAND


Strange and sudden massive ice sheet melt in Greenland: Nasa

The writer has posted comments on this articleAP | Jul 25, 2012, 02.25PM IST


Nasa says three different satellites saw what it calls unprecedented melting of the ice sheet in Greenland from July 8 to July 12, 2012. Most of the thick ice remains, but what was unusual was the widespread area where some melting occurred.

WASHINGTON: Scientists say there has been a freak event in Greenland this month: Nearly every part of the massive ice sheet that blankets the island suddenly started melting.

Even Greenland's coldest place showed melting. Records show that last happened in 1889 and occurs about once every 150 years.

Nasa says three satellites saw what it calls unprecedented melting over four days beginning July 8. Most of the thick ice remains. But what was unusual was that the melting occurred over a widespread area.

Nasa says the melting area went from 40 per cent of the ice sheet to 97 per cent. Until now, the most extensive melt seen by satellites in the past 30 years was about 55 per cent.

Scientists cannot say yet if the melting is from
global warming or natural.

Monday, July 23, 2012

THE GOOD WILL TIMES, JUST GOOD!


FEAR  IS NOT A BARRIER. IT IS JUST THE BEST WAY YOUR SOUL HAS, TO TEL YOU "YOU CAN DO IT".  LISTEN, UNDERSTAND AND DO.

“THE GOOD WILL TIMES”, IF NOT GOOD, WHAT ELSE???

Saturday, July 21, 2012

LIFE - AIDS - UNITED KINGDOM

10 steps to an Aids-free generation


 

The 19th international Aids conference opens this evening



Elton John and the executive director of UNAids, Michel Sidibé, join forces on the first day of the world's largest Aids assembly, saying: "We mark the rapidly approaching reality of a world with zero new HIV infections, zero Aids-related deaths, and zero discrimination due to stigma. In short, an Aids-free generation."
When more than 20,000 people, including Bill Gates, Whoopi Goldberg, Bill Clinton and Laura Bush, gather in Washington this week for the 19th International Aids Conference, they will discuss new ways to tackle what has been one of the world's deadliest epidemics for more than three decades.
Sir Elton and Mr Sidibé believe there is good reason to be hopeful. More than eight million people worldwide now have access to HIV treatment – more than 50 per cent of those who need it – and over the past decade, new infections among young people have dropped by 20 per cent. While "serious challenges remain in the Aids response", the pair added: "Through daily acts of creativity, compassion and courage, we can begin to end the epidemic."

As the conference kicks off, The Independent on Sunday investigates some of the obstacles still facing the world in the battle against Aids.

1. Targeting the gay and bisexual community
The epidemic continues to grow in one population in all countries: men who have sex with men. Some countries, including the US, Spain, Chile, Thailand, Malaysia, South Africa and some African and Caribbean nations, record HIV prevalence in this group at 15 per cent or higher. Worldwide, gay black men are 15 times more likely to become infected with HIV than the rest of the population; in the UK they are 111 times more likely. Gay men remain most at risk of contracting HIV in the UK with one in 20 testing positive, compared with one in 900 of the population as a whole. Campaigners have called for an increase in targeted face-to-face work with the most at-risk men.


2. Reducing mother-to-child transmission
Every minute around the world, a young woman acquires an HIV infection, but the burden falls disproportionately in sub-Saharan Africa, where women make up 60 per cent of people with the virus. Because of advances in the UK's antenatal programme, only one in 1,000 babies contract the virus from their mothers. Of the estimated 1.5 million women living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries, over 40 per cent do not receive effective antiretroviral drugs.


3. Reaching drug users
Injection-driven HIV infections are among the fastest-growing in the world, with one in 10 new HIV infections occurring in injecting drug users. The UK has one of the lowest HIV rates for this group (2.5 per cent of HIV-positive people) because of harm-reduction programmes such as needle exchange. In countries with no or few such initiatives, such as Russia, nearly half of all people living with the virus contract it from injecting drugs.


4. Getting more people tested
HIV testing has advanced to the stage where diagnosis can be made in 30 minutes with a finger prick or with a swab of saliva. The weakest level of reported testing exists for men who have sex with men. Less than 10 per cent of countries have 80 per cent coverage for this demographic. The first self-testing kit in the US has just been approved, and campaigners are now pushing for kits to be legalised in Britain. More than half of the HIV population in the UK is still being diagnosed later than it should be, with one in four infected people unaware they have the disease.


5. Increasing drug coverage
More people are receiving treatment today than ever before, but access to antiretroviral drugs remains one of the most pressing issues. More than eight million people living with HIV in low-and middle-income countries are receiving treatment, up from 6.6 million in 2010. Yet while world coverage rates rest at about 54 per cent, there are massive geographical variations. Treatment coverage is lowest in Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and North Africa and especially the Middle East, where only 13 per cent of those in need receive care.


6. Finding a cure
Scientists have promised a future vaccine or cure for HIV for decades, but with 34 million people living with the virus, and 2.5 million new infections last year, experts have coined a new phrase, "treatment by prevention", highlighting the importance of an immediate response and uninterrupted treatment following diagnosis. The US has just approved Truvada, the first HIV prevention pill, which can be used by those at high risk of infection, and anyone who might engage in sexual activity with infected partners. Studies show the drug reduced the risk of contracting HIV by up to 73 per cent.

7. Helping the over-fifties
Because of effective HIV treatment, more people than ever are living to an older age with HIV. An estimated three million over-fifties live with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, more than 14 per cent of those living with the virus. There are now more than 14,000 people aged over 50 living with HIV in the UK, which is more than 20 per cent of everyone with HIV. But living longer can also mean coping with a range of additional problems, from poor health to social isolation and a lack of savings

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8. Overcoming stigma
HIV continues to be one of the most stigmatised medical conditions. Twenty per cent of HIV-positive people surveyed in Rwanda and 25 per cent of their peers in Colombia have experienced physical violence because of their status. In Pakistan, 26 per cent of people say they have been excluded from family activities, and more than 10 per cent of people in Belarus, Burma and Paraguay have been denied healthcare.


9. Changing the law
In more than 60 countries around the world, exposing another person to HIV or passing on the disease through sex is a criminal act, despite arguments that such punitive laws deter people from getting tested or treated and increase the risk of the disease spreading. The US has one of the worst records around criminalisation of HIV transmission. There and elsewhere, people have been given 20 years in prison for spitting or doing other things that won't transmit HIV.


10. Reducing cost of drugs
A year's supply of first-line antiretroviral drugs plummeted in cost from $10,000 in 2000 to less than $100 in 2011. However, costs can vary greatly between countries and even within a country. If countries in Latin America and the Caribbean were all able to access the most affordable generic drugs in the region, between 1.2 and 3.8 times more people could receive treatment.

Friday, July 20, 2012

LIFESTYLE - MOTHER AND BABY - EGYPT


Emotional connection between mother and newborn: A guide to walking the right path
The first interactions of the mother with her newborn marks the foundation of the emotional connections between both and affects the baby profoundly, Ahram Online talks with an expert who sheds light on some of the right steps

The emotional connection between mother and child unfolds gradually, it might take longer with some, manifest itself in different forms with others, but it remains a blissful heavenly feeling for most. Talking about cultivating the social abilities and the psychological stability of a newborn might raise some eyebrows, but experts say that deeply rooted emotional aspects of person start from the earliest moments after birth.
"Your baby develops rapidly not only physically but also emotionally, and every step of the way is highly dependent on what you do as a mother. We stress that studies prove that happiness and security depend on two main pillars which are expressing love and interacting playfully with the child," says Dr Heba Essawy, professor of psychiatry , Ain Shams University. She stresses that the every mother should marvel at the experience of developing the emotional connection between herself and her newborn, a connection that goes a step further with every interaction that takes place and that goes both ways from the mother towards the baby and vice versa .
Dr Essawy gives what she describes as the three golden rules that would initiate and then maintain the spark of instant emotional connection between a mother and her baby:
The first moment after the birth, the mother should embrace her baby and breastfeed her, hold her near her heart as the familiar sound of the beats plays a significant role soothing the baby.
Starting from the very early days of the baby's life, the mother should always talk to the child, even sing to her, and maintain eye contact, as this would help develop a bond between both of them and reinforce the first social capabilities.
The baby starts to smile within the first weeks as a sign of her feeling a sort of comfort and inner security. This is enhanced by security, so the mother should never let go of the baby quickly, not switch on bright lights suddenly, or expose her to high pitches of music or noise. Each shudder or startle, even if not obvious to the eye, can affect her on the long run.
Dr. Nadia El Bardeesi supervises antenatal classes offered at a number of medical centers. She criticises the older generations' misconception regarding the emotions and needs of a baby. "Our parents limited the needs of the baby to just needing a remedy because of being colic or a feeding because of being hungry or wanting to change a diaper, and things of that sort. They did not think of the little being developing emotions from the very first days of his life," says El Bardeesi .
She assures new generations of mothers that a baby is capable of emotionally bonding with and feeling her mother's interactions , stressing that early signs of emitting a smile at around five weeks or responding by physical reflexes are a major sign. She agrees with the recommendation of instant breast feeding that boosts oxytocins in the mother thus bonding her with the child emotionally, and stresses the importance of facial expressions and sounds by the mother. Finally she adds that research has proved that in addition to the effect of soothing aroma of the mother and her milk, a child is also soothed and comforted by other scents like vanilla, lavender, and baby products.

Wednesday, July 18, 2012

UNIVERSE II - IMAGEN DE UNA GALAXIA


La imagen más detallada de una galaxia
Impresión artística del cuásar 3C 279. | ESO
Un equipo internacional de astrónomos ha observado el corazón de un cuásar distante con una precisión dos millones de veces mayor que la del ojo humano. Se trata de una imagen sin precedentes de una galaxia, la más detallada lograda hasta ahora, que es posible gracias a la conexión de tres telescopios en distintos lugares de la tierra.
Los astrónomos conectaron el telescopio 'APEX' (Atacama Pathfinder Experiment) ubicado en Chile con el conjunto 'Submiliter Array' (Hawái, EE.UU) y el 'Submiliter Telescope' (Arizona, EE.UU). Han obtenido una imagen precisa del cuásar 3C 279, que contiene un agujero negro supermasivo con una masa de alrededor de mil millones de veces la del Sol.
Estas observaciones son un paso crucial para la obtención de imágenes de la sombra de agujeros negros supermasivos tanto del centro de nuestra galaxia, la Vía Láctea, como de otras galaxias. La sombra — una región oscura vista en contraste con un fondo más brillante — está causada porque la luz se dobla a causa del agujero negro, y sería la primera evidencia observacional directa de la existencia de un horizonte de sucesos en un agujero negro, la frontera a partir de la cual ni siquiera la luz puede escapar.
Los telescopios se conectaron con la técnica conocida como interferometría de base ancha (VLBI, por sus siglas en inglés), la cual ha posibilitado la precisión de las observaciones. Esto permite que múltiples telescopios actúen como uno solo, tan grande como la distancia que los separa.
En el futuro se prevé conectar aún más telescopios con el objetivo de crear el Telescopio de Horizonte de Sucesos, que es el que permitiría obtener las imágenes de los agujeros negros supermasivos de las galaxias.
La imagen de esta cuásar posee una nitidez nunca antes conseguida. La técnica de conexión ha permitido distinguir detalles con una resolución dos millones de veces mayor que la que obtendría el ojo humano.
'APEX' es el mayor telescopio utilizado en el proyecto y es el resultado de la colaboración entre el Instituto Max Planck de Radioastronomía, el Observatorio Espacial de Onsala y el Observatorio Austral Europeo (ESO, por sus siglas en inglés). Este, ubicado en Chile a 5.000 metros de altitud en los Andes chilenos, participa por primera vez en una observación VLBI y supone la culminación de tres años de trabajo para la ubicación del telescopio.
El telescopio 'APEX' es importante también por otros motivos. Comparte ubicación y numerosos aspectos relacionados con su tecnología con el nuevo conjunto de telescopios 'ALMA' (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array), aún en construcción y que contará con 54 antenas de 12 metros de diámetro. Se está estudiando la posible conexión de 'ALMA' a la red, lo que aportaría una sensibilidad 10 veces mayor que las de las pruebas iniciales. Este sería el paso definitivo para que la sombra del agujero negro de la Vía Lactea sea accesible en futuras observaciones.